Soda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Soda - Essay Example Given that the company we are dealing with is a multinational, different strategies are used to distribute the soda depending on the specifications of that particular segment. The soda is normally distributed using the five main distribution channels namely: Vending, Food stores, convenience & gas, fountain, and mass merchandisers. Supermarkets being the principal customer for soft drink makers are highly fragmented although it will be one of the main channels we are going to exploit. We will use them as one of the channels to get to the clients because they have a big customer base owing to the heavy flow of traffic. The problem with national mass merchandising is that they have a big bargaining power which significantly reduces on the profitability of soda. This is also coupled with the fact that their loyal clients expect discounts in order to continue using their services. Low prices means less profits although this is a channel that is crucial for us especially in terms of marketing our product and establishing a market niche (Keller 114). The fountain sales are equally less profitable just like the national mass merchandising but we will consider it as paid sampling. This channel is a little tricky because the buyers at major fast food chains often stock products from one producer in order to have a stronger bargaining power. The effect is that the sales volume will be high although the profitability level will be low owing to the relatively big percentage of the sales going to them. However, this is a very important channel for us because it will help us in building our brand and developing customer loyalty. This is the reason why we will invest in fountain equipment and cups used to serve the sodas in these outlets. The most profitable channel of distribution for soda is vending because we will be able to sell directly to the clients without using any

Staark Accessories Essay Example for Free

Staark Accessories Essay SALES DISTRIBUTION A fashion line is designed and created a year in advance according to season specific, so it will hit the shop floor at least 2 months before the next season comes around. When you’re still rocking denim shorts and having summer days at the park, the shop elves are busy implementing the new fall collection. It’s true that each Brand has its own style of working, different sales and distribution strategy; Staark Accessories Pvt ltd (Licensee of Spykar) follows certain strategies too. Before proceeding let us introduce you to Staark Accessories Pvt ltd. It is a Licensee of Spykar (a well known brand in India) for Personal care products and own innovative brands like Scoops (Pocket Perfumes) and are still in the process of launching comprehensive range of Personal Care products. The range will cover entire olfactory spectrum to suit all moods types of the individual through our multi brand strategy. Our endeavor is to become India’s pioneer to launch entire gamut at one go obviously become an indigenous leader in the field Present Scenario: The Staark accessories are currently present in 8 States – Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Jammu Kashmir; Andhra Pradesh Karnataka (South India). Staark Accessories are in the market with the products like Scoops (Pocket Perfumes – 8 variants), Deodorants (Spykar Brand – 2 females, 2 Gas Free, 7 Male); 4 Perfumes. Working Style: In each state, a universal work flow is being maintained (as shown below): Super Stockiest (Advance Business 100%) Distributors Retailers (Staark Team) Retail network are built by the Staark team. The team builds the order and passes it on to the Distributors and then to the Super Stores. Road Map: * Number of Additional State openings in FY 13-14: 10 State openings * Number of Product Launching in FY 13-14: Face Wash; Soap; Mid-Price Perfume for Spykar Staark Accessories, Scoop- Travel Kit; Mid Size Perfume * PAN INDIA presence in FY 14-15 * New Products FY 14-15 : Mobile Cleaner; Deo Drops; Hair Gel; Shaving Cream; Shaving Gel / Foam; Wet Tissue Additional Revenue for Business (FY 14-15): Besides model of Staark Accessories would evolve through the planned verticals listed below: * Spykar License Spykar has given the license given to Staark Accessories Pvt Ltd to manufacture distribute Spykar personal care products- PAN India. Current Product Range Perfumeries Deodorants New Launches: Soap, Face Wash, Hair Gels, Shaving Cream, After Shave Lotion, Wet Wipes, Body Talc * Staark Branded products Innovation product – Scoops in FY 13-14 Current Product Range Perfumes (Scoops) New Launch: Hair Gels, Shaving Cream, After Shave Lotion, Soap, Face Wash, Mobile Cleaner, Deo Drops, Body Talc * Sales Network spanning the country Currently present in 8 states with robust and qualified sales personnel. In addition to this, procedures are in progress to cover Pan INDIA by FY 14-15. * Corporate Sales Today corporate selling has become a phenomenon practice in business where an organization gifts another organization to strengthen the relationship between the two entities. Corporate sales can be described as a large order or sale that occurs between two large companies. It involves sale of products and services to a large sector of entities. It is different from the normal sales which targets individuals. Corporate sales help to release the companies’ stocks. Staark accessories shall have a different team looking after selling the products to boost sales by performing bulk orders for following products under the Brand name SPYKAR. The products that can be sold as Combo gift sets / corporate gifting are Deodorants, Belts, Wallets, T shirts, Jackets, Perfumes, Socks, Eye-Wears, Foot-Wears and Jeans. * Licensing more brands After acquiring the licensee of Spykar and successful achieving the desired target, the credibility to license other brands shall enhance (for personal care products) * CSD Canteens The Canteen Stores Department (CSD) is owned by Government of India Enterprises under Indian Ministry of Defense. The department procures consumer goods and consumer-durable products in bulk directly from suppliers and positions them at 33 Area Depots (acting as whole sale depots), spread all over the country, for meeting the requirements of over 3500 URCs which function as retail outlets. Many of the URCs are located in remote/inaccessible parts of the country. Extending hands in this area would be an additional benefit for the brand. * E Sales Staark accessories can differentiate the business by creating a personalized shopping experience for each customer – delivering relevant content and offers and dynamically changing the experience to suit an individual customer’s context. Thus this will also increase sales opportunities and lifetime value of online customers through delivering a relevant online experience, turning browsers into buyers, delighting customers and building brand loyalty. * Modern Trade Modern trade as opposed to traditional retail shops refers to a full range of sale methods based on marketing techniques. For instance in self-service shops you have no more sales attendants behind a counter; now the customer can touch the articles. The more expensive goods will be ready at hand whereas youll have to bend to reach well with fewer added values for the store. A few articles will be offered at rock bottom prices with much publicity in order to attract as many customers as possible. The display of goods is very important and needs an elaborate know-how Here we are looking at big / Mega stores like Shoppers Stop, Lifestyle, Big Bazaar, Hyper city, etc where we can perform in bulk Intra-Structure Media Planning In FY 13-14, Electronic media support, print media support Social network Once present in Pan India in FY 14-15, we plan to form Mother Deports (CNF) and divide our manufacturing units in 4 major states – Maharashtra, Delhi, Karnataka and Kolkata to cover the entire Pan India.

Explain what happens in Act 3 from Danforth’s point of view- and show :: English Literature

Explain what happens in Act 3 from Danforth’s point of view- and show how Arthur Miller makes it clear to the audience that Danforth is not only misguided but deliberately ignores any evidence that casts doubt on the stories of Abigail Williams GCSE English Literature 20th Century Drama Coursework, â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller Essay Question: Explain what happens in Act 3 from Danforth’s point of view- and show how Arthur Miller makes it clear to the audience that Danforth is not only misguided but deliberately ignores any evidence that casts doubt on the stories of Abigail Williams and the other girls. Danforth, as â€Å"the Deputy Governor of the Province† of Massachusetts is an extremely powerful and influential man, a representative of the King of England. He represents the combined authority of church and state in this theocratic society of the day. We do not meet Danforth until the start of Act 3, although Arthur Miller mentions him briefly at the beginning of Act 2 not by name but by his office. Danforth is not one of the main characters in the play but he is certainly the most controversial. Arthur Miller makes us aware of how this man is a paradox, but I shall return to this shortly. In the first two Acts of this play, set in Salem 1692, Arthur Miller introduces us to the main characters and the events that lead to this witch- hunt. He describes the people of Salem as a â€Å"sect of fanatics whose creed forbade anything resembling a theatre or vain enjoyment† and a â€Å"holiday from work meant that they must concentrate even more upon prayer.† Their outlook and self enforced discipline did help them to survive a life, which I can only imagine as very harsh, as some of the first settlers in America. These people lived by very strict rules and regulations, and were not allowed to express their feelings physically or verbally. The events that lead to the witch- hunt were, in my view, the bubble bursting- such repression found an outlet! Arthur Miller states â€Å"the witch- hunt was not mere repression† but a â€Å"long overdue opportunity for everyone to express publicly his guilt and sins under the accusations against victims. It suddenly became possible to speak of matters which were forbidden in an ordinary way.† Also â€Å"hatred of neighbours would now be openly expressed, and vengeance taken.† â€Å"Old scores would be settled,† and all this under the umbrella of morality and self righteousness. Before the start of the play Reverend Parris has caught a group of girls, led by his niece Abigail Williams, dancing in the woods- a

Niccol? Machiavelli - The Qual :: essays research papers

Machiavelli’s views on human nature are unjust; nevertheless, his philosophy, or rather instructions, is reasonable in capturing the selfishness of men. As written in The Qualities of the Prince by Machiavelli, “Men are ungrateful, fickle, simulators and deceivers, avoiders of danger, greedy for gain; and while you work for their good they are completely yours, offering you their blood, their property, their lives, and their sons… when danger is far away; but when it comes nearer to you they turn away.'; Machiavelli’s generalization demonstrates his low opinion on the nature of men because he views them as selfish and lacking in both loyalty and honesty. Machiavelli’s general opinion that men are selfish contains an underlying truth to the human nature. Inside every human being, there is a sense of selfishness that lay dormant until given cause to awake. It is a truth that many will not be willing to admit or acknowledge. Many will even say that there are people who are or were selfless in their actions. Yes, there are, but when the situation comes, normally no one can take away their selfishness to still act like “saints'; when they cannot even save themselves. Selfishness is an ugly trait among people; however, disloyalty is probably the most offensive trait found in human nature. Machiavelli’s says, “when it comes nearer to you they turn away';, which clearly establishes where a person’ true loyalty stands. Loyalty is more consistent to oneself rather than to others. Past events in history supports Machiavelli’s opinion with Julius Ceasar and Brutus as an example. Brutus’s loyalty to his most trusted friend, Caesar, went astray when a problem arose among his Roman peers, and the betrayal was committed against Caesar which resulted in death. A lesson worth learning from this example is that a person’s loyalty can never be trusted unless it is proves to stand strong through any situations. As Machiavelli wrote, “a prince must be cautious in believing and in acting…';. His instructions for the prince stand true for almost everyone nowadays. Unlike disloyalty, dishonesty, according to Machiavelli, is an important factor in the relationship of all human beings. Machiavelli wrote, “princes who have accomplished great deeds are those who have cared little for keeping their promises and who have known how to manipulate the minds of men by shrewdness; and in the end they have surpassed those who laid their foundations upon honesty.

Fundamentals of Building a New Crime Analysis Unit Essay

Since the late 1980s and early 1990s, police departments across the country and throughout the world have begun adopting what is known as proactive policing. This term began as a simple theory which utilized concepts such as community policing and statistical formulas to engage and apprehend criminals before they commit a crime. Police chiefs, county sheriffs, and department heads began to realize that time moved on since the days of the â€Å"Wild Wild West† and so to have criminals. Half a century ago, criminals were not as intelligent or as technologically savvy as they are today, namely because of the computer and medical breakthroughs researchers have made. Nowadays, people live longer, have access to healthier foods and dietary supplements, and better education, thereby making it easier for potential criminals to live better lives and develop complex thought-out operations for their next heist. The law enforcement leaders then recognized the need to find a better way to combat this ever-evolving wave of criminal activities, which eventually lead them to entertain the idea of implementing crime analysis units (CAUs) to assist officers in figuring out where they needed to go to thwart crime before it happens. In order to properly begin a crime analysis unit, one must realize exactly what that unit is, does, will be responsible for, and who they will ultimately answer to. Furthermore, a CAU cannot simply be started by placing a select few in crime analyst positions and expecting them to fulfill the job requirements. Instead, people who have a high school education, college experience, and strong analytical or math skills should be chosen and given specialized training in the field of crime analysis. So, with that having been stated, what is crime analysis and what can it do for an agency? According to IACA, the International Association of Crime Analysts: Crime analysis is both a profession and a set of techniques. The professionals, who perform crime analysis, and the techniques they use, are dedicated to helping a police department become more effective through better information. The information that analysts provide can help†¦ olve crimes, develop effective strategies and tactics to prevent future crimes, find and apprehend offenders, prosecute and convict offenders, improve safety and quality of life, optimize internal operations, prioritize patrol and investigation, detect and solve community problems, plan for future resource needs, enact effective policies, and educate the public (What is Crime Analysis, 2011). Now that the basics of what crime analysis CAN do have been identified, the questions that must be asked, according to Intellysis (2013), include: * Is a crime analysis unit really needed? What’s the difference between crime analysis and intelligence analysis? * What kind of crime analysis is needed†¦ administrative, strategic, or tactical? * What should the mission or motto be for this unit? * Who will be assigned what tasks? How will work be divided? * How many analysts will be needed? * How do we go about hiring an analyst? What will the job entail and what will be the salary? * What should the workspace be like? * What technology, supplies, and equipment will be needed? * What products will the crime analysts produce? * Where should the crime analysis unit be placed within the organizational chart? Will a policy and procedure manual need to be created? * What type of training will be needed for crime analysts? All questions listed above are relevant and must be asked if an agency is to have any hopes of implementing a crime analysis unit. To answer the first question of necessity, it is up to the individual municipality and agency head to decide whether or not a crime analysis unit is truly needed. In many small cities and towns, the need for such a unit is slim to none; however, with the ever-increasing rate of criminal activity in small areas, that thought is rapidly becoming obsolete. The second question, regarding the difference between crime analysis and intelligence analysis, lies in the information that is analyzed. Crime analysis deals with ‘what’, ‘where’, and ‘when’, while intelligence analysis maintains the ‘who’, ‘why’, and ‘how’, meaning that crime analysts look at individual M. O. s, crime types, and locations, whereas intelligence analysts deal with why something happened, how it happened, who did it, and how can it be prevented. In addition to this, though, there is a third type known as the crime and intelligence analyst, which is essentially a combination of both. To figure out what type of crime analyst the agency requires, the history of criminal activity and the needs of the entire department must be reviewed. There are three types of crime analysis – tactical, strategic, and administrative. They are explained here: * Tactical Crime Analysis – primarily functions to promote rapid response to immediate criminal activity. This type of analysis should usually be the primary function performed by crime analysts at the local agency level, although it does somewhat depend upon the specific needs of the individual entity itself. Tactical crime analysis is the area where trends, patterns, and series are identified and modus operandi is linked with offenders. * Strategic Crime Analysis – deals with everyday operational strategies and formulates solutions for problems arising from those operations. This is sometimes known as the analysis that caters to the command staff and city/county government officials, because it can assist with resource allocation, scheduling, patrol area configuration, and analyzes crime versus staffing demands. * Administrative Crime Analysis – focuses on long-term activity in a certain area (i. . figuring out why crime is high in a certain area, and what needs to be changed to counteract this). Additionally, providing certain information, such as general crime stats for informational purposes to city hall, neighborhood watch groups, and citizens are a large part of administrative crime analysis (CCAA). Anytime a new group or institution is put into place, one of the first things that must be considered is where that group is going? What will be their primary focus or goal? Mission statements vary across the country, from agency to agency, but a few things remain the same. In any mission statement for a crime analysis unit, the very first words should read â€Å"The overall objective† or â€Å"The mission of the crime analysis unit,† or at least something along those lines. This lets readers know that what is coming next will be what your unit is going to be all about. This is the area where the proposal can be viewed either positively, or pushed aside because the goals do not seem achievable, or they are not seen as highly valuable. Therefore, this statement should be well-organized, attention-grabbing, concise, yet fully inclusive of all major objectives. Here’s an example: The mission of the Crime Analysis Unit (CAU) at Make Believe Police Department is to collect, collate, analyze, and prepare criminal / criminal intelligence data to be disseminated to patrol officers and investigators as reinforcement for the proactive policing initiative. The unit will identify emerging crime trends, patterns, and series and make recommendations to the appropriate personnel for prompt response, and potentially link offenders to criminal activity, assisting with bringing said offenders to justice. The citizens of the City of Make Believe will also benefit from the Crime Analysis Unit, as it will be available to assist the public in the retrieval of crime statistics and information on high-crime areas. When reviewing potential tasks a crime analyst will be responsible for, it is important to note that each agency has different needs; therefore, each agency will need analysts to do different things. In the same light, it is also up to the individual agency as to how many crime analysts will actually be needed; however, it is recommended by Intellysis that there be at least one analyst per every 100,000 citizens (Starting a Crime Analysis Unit, 2013). On the other hand, the University of South Alabama’s Center for Public Safety recommends that there should be about one crime analyst for every one-hundred sworn personnel (O’Shea and Nicholls, 2002, p. 13). At most agencies, hiring requirements for a crime analyst are elevated because it is considered a highly analytical and professional position. As such, the minimum education and experience usually required for consideration is a Bachelor’s Degree in either criminal justice, criminology, mathematics, or a related field and at least one year of experience as a crime analyst or two years in a related field. In some agencies, the hiring party may consider a candidate who does not have a Bachelor’s Degree, but does have extensive experience in law enforcement, vice versa, or an equivalent combination of both. As far as salary is concerned, this is also up to the individual municipality. This is something that will be based upon funding, actual necessity, complexity of the work to be performed, and the combined experience/education of the person(s) to be hired. Generally, though, the annual salary of a crime analyst is thought to be between $28,852 and $68,138 with a median income of $39,493 according to Payscale’s national crime analyst salary website (2013). In most units, crime analysts will be responsible for tactical, strategic, and administrative analysis, as well as completing public requests for assistance.

Free Essays on Peloponnesian War

In Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War, the author describes and analyzes the conflict which occurred between the city-states of Athens and Sparta (and their respective allies) from 431-404 BCE. More importantly, Thucydides provides the reader with justification for the Spartan victory that resulted from this conflict. The main reason for the Spartan victory, according to Thucydides, is shown in the ultimate viability of each polis’ leader's strategies and projections before the conflict. Prior to any fighting, Pericles of Athens and Archidamus of Sparta (with the aid of Spartan allies) devised net assessments that both believed would provide strategies leading to victory and peace for their respective states. In essence, these net assessments can be broken down into three elements: first, an understanding of the nature of the war; second, the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the enemy to identify a comparative advantage; and finally, the devis ing of a strategy to achieve victory. As Thucydides argues, the Spartans did a superior job of net assessment in all three of these elements prior to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. Spartan Strategy Sparta’s King Archidamus took the realistic approach to the potential war: by realizing the inevitable failure of diplomacy efforts with Athens, he instead chose to prepare his own polis for war under the guise of these so-called diplomatic efforts. As he explained in a speech, â€Å"If [the Athenians] pay attention to our diplomatic protests, so much the better. If they do not, then, after two or three years have passed, we shall be in a much sounder position and can attack them† (The Peloponnesian War, p. 84). Secondly, noting Athens' naval superiority, Archidamus was fully aware that a conflict between Athens and Sparta was not an affair that could be ended quickly. Archidamus knew that the Athenians were unlikely to fight an infantry-based war (Sparta’s a... Free Essays on Peloponnesian War Free Essays on Peloponnesian War In Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War, the author describes and analyzes the conflict which occurred between the city-states of Athens and Sparta (and their respective allies) from 431-404 BCE. More importantly, Thucydides provides the reader with justification for the Spartan victory that resulted from this conflict. The main reason for the Spartan victory, according to Thucydides, is shown in the ultimate viability of each polis’ leader's strategies and projections before the conflict. Prior to any fighting, Pericles of Athens and Archidamus of Sparta (with the aid of Spartan allies) devised net assessments that both believed would provide strategies leading to victory and peace for their respective states. In essence, these net assessments can be broken down into three elements: first, an understanding of the nature of the war; second, the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the enemy to identify a comparative advantage; and finally, the devis ing of a strategy to achieve victory. As Thucydides argues, the Spartans did a superior job of net assessment in all three of these elements prior to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. Spartan Strategy Sparta’s King Archidamus took the realistic approach to the potential war: by realizing the inevitable failure of diplomacy efforts with Athens, he instead chose to prepare his own polis for war under the guise of these so-called diplomatic efforts. As he explained in a speech, â€Å"If [the Athenians] pay attention to our diplomatic protests, so much the better. If they do not, then, after two or three years have passed, we shall be in a much sounder position and can attack them† (The Peloponnesian War, p. 84). Secondly, noting Athens' naval superiority, Archidamus was fully aware that a conflict between Athens and Sparta was not an affair that could be ended quickly. Archidamus knew that the Athenians were unlikely to fight an infantry-based war (Sparta’s a...

An Examination of Social Control essays

An Examination of Social Control essays It is hard to discuss a subject and analyze that subject when it is an accepted fact that no definition can be agreed upon. The definition of social control or lack of definition is one of those subjects. Many papers have been written, many theories have been proposed and according to Robert Meier in his paper, Perspectives on the Concept of Social Control, no hard definition or theory has ever been agreed upon. The only thing to be done is to read the papers, listen to the theories, use personal experiences, and try to establish a personal idea of the concept of social control. Some definitions have been established. There are four levels of social control: Macro politics level, historical and cultural level, organizational level, and micro politics level. The Macro level is the political, legal and economic aspect of social control. The Macro level has to do with the legislative arm of society, which passes the laws by which we as a society must live. It is an impersonal level of social control. The politicians pass the laws and all of society must live by those laws or be held responsible by the enforcement officials, at which point, the legal system comes into the picture and attorneys get involved. It takes money to hire a lawyer and those without the financial means are left behind. Theres never any really interaction with the average Joe or regular people in the Macro Political level. Everything is pretty much left up to the powers that be at the top of the political ladder and the law enforcement officers and the lawyers. At the Macro level public harassment and the psy-complex are affected due to laws passed over the years and the governmental body getting involved. Women are no longer at the mercy of patriarchal culture. But it should also be noted that the laws passed to protect against such social transgressions are not gender specific. Control is beginning to have blurred lines. Men, as...

How to File Loud TV Commercial Complaints

How to File Loud TV Commercial Complaints If you, like many if not most people, had visions of the government really cracking down on TV stations and cable companies that broadcast annoyingly loud commercials after enactment of the CALM Act, you had a wrong vision. The fact is that the FCC has placed most of the burden for enforcement of the law squarely on TV viewers. The much-desired TV commercial volume control law - the Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation (CALM) Act - is now in effect, but you can bet your eardrums there will be violations. Heres when and how to report CALM Act violations. Taking full effect on December 13, 2012, the CALM Act requires TV stations, cable operators, satellite TV operators, and other pay-TV providers to limit a commercials average volume to that of the programming that it accompanies. It May Not be a Violation The CALM Act is enforced by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the FCC does provide a simple way to report violations. However, the FCC also advises that not all loud commercials are violations. According to the FCC), while the overall or average volume of the commercial should be no louder than the regular programming, it may still have louder and quieter moments. As a result, says the FCC, some commercials may sound too loud to some viewers, but still comply with the law. Basically, if all or most of the commercial sounds louder to you that the regular program, report it. Broadcasters who fail to comply with the CALM Act regulations face significant financial penalties imposed by the FCC. How to Report a CALM Act Violation The easiest way to file a loud commercial complaint is by using the FCCs online complaint form at www.fcc.gov/complaints. To use the form, click on the Complaint Type button Broadcast (TV and Radio), Cable, and Satellite Issues, and then click on the Category button Loud Commercials. This will take you to the Form 2000G - Loud Commercial Complaint form. Fill out the form and click on Complete the form to submit your complaint to the FCC. The Loud Commercial Complaint form asks for information, including the date and time you saw the commercial, the name of the program you were watching and which TV station or pay-TV provider transmitted the commercial. Its a lot of information, but it is necessary to help the FCC correctly identify the offending commercial from among the tens-of-thousands of commercials aired every day. Complaints can also be filed by fax to 1-866-418-0232 or by filling out a 2000G - Loud Commercial Complaint form (.pdf) and mailing it to: The Federal Communications CommissionConsumer and Governmental Affairs BureauConsumer Inquiries and Complaints Division445 12th Street, SW, Washington, DC 20554 If you need assistance in filing your complaint, you may contact the FCCs Consumer Call Center by calling 1-888-CALL-FCC (1-888-225-5322) (voice) or 1-888-TELL-FCC (1-888-835-5322) (TTY).

Nesting Strategy of Active Directory for Riordan Manufacturing Essay

Nesting Strategy of Active Directory for Riordan Manufacturing - Essay Example Universal Groups - These are formed in the forest comprising of multiple trees (that is, multiple domains). The users assigned in universal groups can get privileges on any domain within the forest. Universal groups can also incorporate other universal groups and global groups within the same forest. Domain Local Groups - These are formed within the same domain in a tree. These can incorporate users from any domain within the forest (provided trust relationships are in place) and can also incorporate the other universal groups, global groups and local groups of the same domain. The difference between groups in organizational units (OUs) is that the groups comprises of users & groups while the OUs comprises of users and computers. The purpose of groups is to assign privileges to users pertaining to networked resources while the purpose of OUs is to use Group Policy Organization (GPO) to apply security & other configuration settings. All groups proposed herewith are security groups. The business framework of Riordan Manufacturing has two locations having corporate functions - Corporate HQ and China. The Corporate HQ has Finance, HR, Marketing and Corporate groups and China has Finance QA and corporate groups. The corporate functions will need access to resources of all locations and department functions as appropriate. In this context the following policies are proposed: (a) The corporate HQ governance functions shall have access rights everywhere on the active directory. (b) The China governance functions shall have access rights in China and Corporate business areas. (c) The QA function in China would govern quality control activities across the group and hence shall have access right everywhere on the AD. (d) All other users shall have access rights within their respective departments/locations. To support the above policies, the following Nesting Strategy has been proposed for Riordan Manufacturing: Primary Domain: Riordan.com Domain Local Groups: Corporate, Corporate R&D, Pontiac and Albany Child Domain: China.Riordan.com Domain Local Groups: China Corporate, China MFG and China MTLS. The Local groups

TOO LONG WILL EMAIL TO U Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TOO LONG WILL EMAIL TO U - Assignment Example To be more explicit: life in Berlin and life in Poland. So settings might seem off as the writer of this paper has concentrated on Berlin and Auschwitz though they are interchanged in the book. The family characters are explained as if they hadn't left Berlin. Once they are in "OutWith", they each go through a major change in life. Bruno, a nine year old boy who knows nothing of the outside world, is the main character of the story. He has the quality of always telling the truth, being sincere, respecting adults, and never interrupting. His one goal in life is to be an explorer. This will be significant towards the end of the story. A parallel can be drawn from his life in Berlin, that he is a little soldier, he does as he is told without questioning why. He does not think, he just does. "Just settle into your new home and be good, that's all I ask. Accept the situation in which you find yourself and everything will be so much easier." (p53) His father is talking to him about his new house but his father could be any father in the camp talking to his child: the futility of the situation. A common idea goes through the book. Bruno is not happy to be leaving their house. His mother explains "Your father's job, you know how important it is don't you?' (p 3) Father is a very important man because the '"Fury" has something very important in mind for him.' (p 5,p50,) Bruno is not allowed in his office and must always follow orders. He is never touched or hugged. When father is given the new uniform, and is to be called Commandant, he becomes even more important and distant. He makes Bruno salute him as he raised without any physical contact. 'This is my important work. Important to the Fury.' (p 48) They were to stay in OutWith for the foreseable future. Mother spends her time supporting her husband's career. She entertains soldiers and even has the pleasure (sarcasm) of having a party for the "Fury" and the "Blond Lady". She is kind to the children and tries to expl ain that they should be proud of their father for all the work he does for the country. Little and little the reader sees how she doesn't like the fanatism of her husband. "Pavel, if the commandant asks who cleaned up Bruno's wound, we will say I did it" (p 85) Gretel is his sister who is two years older. She is the "Hopeless Case". Her personality in Berlin is a young adolescent who still likes playing with dolls. In their new home. When she walks in on Bruno and Maria, she shows a sign of being jealous and treats Maria with disrespect by dictating that she draws her a bath. "Why can't you draw yourself a bath? Because she is the maid and that is what she is here for.(p 82) She develops into a cold and heartless 13 year old who studies the movement of the German troops across Europe. Of all the characters she rapidly becomes a Nazi. Gretel is upset about having come to Auschwitz. She is lonely and the reader sees her playing with her dolls. In making friends with Lieutenant Kotler, she pretends she is older than she is and the Lieutenant becomes interested in her. When he loses interest, and she finds she has nothing to do, she gets rid of her dolls and starts analysing the German European advances by putting up map all across her room. Do her dolls

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Each management position has its inherent rights that are acquired from a specific post. Managements are distinguished between line authority and staff authority. In line authority there is an employee-employer relationship. Where a manager deals with his subordinates and directs their work and make suitable decisions as required. The line manager has the right to issue orders whereas, staff managers advice assist and reduce some of the informational burdens. They have an advisory relationship and cannot issue order down the chain of command. Staff managers usually run those departments that are supportive such as quality control, HRM, purchasing. Whereas line managers have departments which require proper management skills and directions for smooth running of sales or production. The difference among them is the nature of the relationship like line manager can order the subordinate whereas staff manager can advice the line managers to achieve their goals. Human resource department have staff managers although line managers also have some of human resource duties as placement, orientation, training, improving job performances etc. Human resource manager works in staff capacity. They manage human resources to help organization achieve its goal by determining company’s work force and help firm’s mission In the past, capital was considered indispensible for a developing industry but with time this concept has evolved and replaced by an enthusiastic and efficient labor or work force because no major project backed by competitive employees with efficient management is hindered by shortage of

Environmental issues in China and the role of government Research Paper

Environmental issues in China and the role of government - Research Paper Example Being the member of the global community, China takes an active part in the international environmental protection affairs and conscientiously fulfills the accepted obligations. This testifies about the desire and intention of the Chinese government and Chinese people to protect the environment on our planet. The given paper will provide the overview of the efforts taken by China to protect the environment and discuss the state of the environment in the country. Large population size, comparatively low supply of natural resources per citizen, low level of economic and technical development are the conditions, which accompany the modernization of China (Ming). The process of social and economic development which led to the fast growth of the population, and the increase of consumer demand, intensified the tension in the supply of resources and ecological balance. In these conditions choosing the right development strategy became crucial tasks as future existence of China and its citiz ens depends on it. â€Å"All in all, China, with a total population of 1.3 billion, is faced with a challenging task concerning resources, the environment and sustainable development. This is also of great significance for sustainable development of mankind. ... With the purpose of the harmonious development of economy, society and the environment Chinese government has worked out a number of political directions aimed at the environmental protection. In 1990s the important step on the way to the solution of the problem of environmental protection was made on the global scale. The government worked our 10 important political directions concerning the environmental protection and the development in China. It was clearly stated that the long-term development strategy was the inevitable choice for China. â€Å"The Chinese Government increased input in this field, readjusted taxes on mineral resources, and raised the prices of crude and refined oil products. We adopted a policy to limit the expansion of businesses with high energy consumption, and encourage desulphurization in power plants and development of renewable energy. We improved the fee-collecting mechanism for treating wastewater and wastes out of daily lives, and set up a market-base d operating mechanism to control pollution. All this has played an effective role in preventing and controlling pollution† (Wenzhong). In March 1994 Chinese government presented the white paper on China’s population, environment and development in XXI century, which contained the general strategy, political directions and the plan of actions aimed at the long-term development of China taking into account the realities. China pays much attention to the legal construction in the field of environment. The Chinese Constitution states that the country takes measures on the preservation of the environment and struggles with different kinds of pollution. The state guarantees rational use of the natural resources and preserves the valuable species of animals and plants. No

Emotional response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Emotional response - Assignment Example Priceline enables the customer to choose from 165,000 hotels in addition to being able to carry out all the booking transactions online. Additionally, the website enables the customer to accomplish several other activities such as check the status of any bookings as well as receive alerts in case of won bids. Moreover, the customers can also give feedback on different services. The website appeals to the customers who may be willing to make last minute flight bookings or even compare prices in different hotels worldwide. Priceline’s website plot is appealing since all the services are organized in columns, which makes it easy for customers to access and scrutinize. On opening each column, it becomes even easier for the customer to analyze the services offered by Priceline in different regions of the world. The website contains navigation tools that enable the customer to access further details on each specific service. Additionally, sections such as vacation packages display images that add to the strength of the

Environmental issues in China and the role of government Research Paper

Environmental issues in China and the role of government - Research Paper Example Being the member of the global community, China takes an active part in the international environmental protection affairs and conscientiously fulfills the accepted obligations. This testifies about the desire and intention of the Chinese government and Chinese people to protect the environment on our planet. The given paper will provide the overview of the efforts taken by China to protect the environment and discuss the state of the environment in the country. Large population size, comparatively low supply of natural resources per citizen, low level of economic and technical development are the conditions, which accompany the modernization of China (Ming). The process of social and economic development which led to the fast growth of the population, and the increase of consumer demand, intensified the tension in the supply of resources and ecological balance. In these conditions choosing the right development strategy became crucial tasks as future existence of China and its citiz ens depends on it. â€Å"All in all, China, with a total population of 1.3 billion, is faced with a challenging task concerning resources, the environment and sustainable development. This is also of great significance for sustainable development of mankind. ... With the purpose of the harmonious development of economy, society and the environment Chinese government has worked out a number of political directions aimed at the environmental protection. In 1990s the important step on the way to the solution of the problem of environmental protection was made on the global scale. The government worked our 10 important political directions concerning the environmental protection and the development in China. It was clearly stated that the long-term development strategy was the inevitable choice for China. â€Å"The Chinese Government increased input in this field, readjusted taxes on mineral resources, and raised the prices of crude and refined oil products. We adopted a policy to limit the expansion of businesses with high energy consumption, and encourage desulphurization in power plants and development of renewable energy. We improved the fee-collecting mechanism for treating wastewater and wastes out of daily lives, and set up a market-base d operating mechanism to control pollution. All this has played an effective role in preventing and controlling pollution† (Wenzhong). In March 1994 Chinese government presented the white paper on China’s population, environment and development in XXI century, which contained the general strategy, political directions and the plan of actions aimed at the long-term development of China taking into account the realities. China pays much attention to the legal construction in the field of environment. The Chinese Constitution states that the country takes measures on the preservation of the environment and struggles with different kinds of pollution. The state guarantees rational use of the natural resources and preserves the valuable species of animals and plants. No

Hinduism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hinduism - Essay Example Hindu system characterizes an evolution of a higher form through a number of convictions derived from other religions or philosophies that reflect similar school of thoughts. Thus, its progress from within the original culture to the mainstream almost any type of believer may access though without obligations of adherence comes from being sensible to a ‘faith’ that tends to converge to mutual discernment of a single god yet not abolishing the probability that deities established by other profound concepts with historical basis may exist as well. Why is Hinduism so useful and attractive in the quest for higher consciousness? Hinduism becomes all the more attractive and beneficial in achieving higher degree of consciousness due primarily to the religious practices taught to be carried out with deep solemnity and reverence besides customary treatment. To the awareness of majority including non-believers, the Hindu approach of seeking spiritual enlightenment such as the esse nce found in ‘karma’ and ‘samsara’ or the continuum manifested in the cycle of action, reaction, birth, death, and rebirth meditatively educates and refreshes an individual.

The Progressive Era Essay Example for Free

The Progressive Era Essay The Progressive Era was a thirty year period in which the United States was completely reformed. Actions were taken to improve working conditions for laborers, create a sexually unbiased work system and regulate the economy. President Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson both helped create a more direct democracy in which the people would have a voice. During those thirty years, amendments 16 to 19 were ratified to regulate and reform the country. Muckrakers were writers who worked for the printing companies exposed the public to all of the corruption that was occurring both openly and behind closed doors. By exposing the public to the corruption, American society was enlightened and inspired to reform itself. During this era, President Theodore Roosevelt worked diligently to regulate and conserve everything that was necessary. Even though Roosevelt believed in big businesses, he still believed in regulation and fair trade. He took the Sherman Anti-Trust act which had been dormant for many years and enforced it so that companies could price their products and made sure that no one specific company could take control of the market thus ridding the economy of bad trusts and preventing companies from creating a trade monopoly. Working conditions were horrible during the progressive era, and it was widely known because Muckrakers wrote only about the bad that happen in society. The safety of the nation’s meat supply is highly important because meat is consumed throughout the whole nation. The Meat Inspection Act was passed to rid factories of their gruesome and uncleanly working habitats and protect the nation’s food supply. Many people who came to the United States to live during the end of the 1900’s were unable to sustain a normal life because they were in such poverty. Settlement houses were created so that settlement workers could service the neighbors who wanted to find a place to get away from poverty. These settlement houses were places to gather and create a sense of unity amongst the poverty stricken. As people of these houses became more aware of the conditions around them, they proposed changes that would drastically change the way of life for them. Woodrow Wilson wanted to create a democracy, but he did not allow women to vote. What kind of a democracy did Wilson want if he did not allow how the population to vote? There were many women’s reform groups that wanted sexual equality so that women would have equal say which promoted women to take charge leading to the passing of the 19th amendment allowing women to vote and opening a whole new world for a woman’s voice. Blacks fought for the ideals of America in World War I but they did not receive any recognition for their hard work. Instead, they were still put under the â€Å"Jim Crow† laws which prohibited them from voting and segregated them from their superior races. This explains the decrease in percentage of eligible voters who vote from 1900 to 1920. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act targeted business monopolies that could easily control the whole economy. Wilson being the arrogant president that he was, created a few minor laws that would not greatly improve the economy. It would be the next successor of the president that would be left with all these problems. President Theodore Roosevelt believed highly in a direct democracy, he favored the idea of people deciding what they want with government. Later on, the 17th amendment is ratified allowing the direct election of the senate. Overall, the Progressive Era was full of reform in the economy, politics and society. Conservation and reform were the most important things and ideas during this era. Women’s right and racial desegregation were also accomplished during this time. The press was also a big part of the spread of information giving people new ideas and philosophies. The people who were presidents during this time greatly influenced the ideas of the people and in turn, reformed the nation into something better than before.

Fire Safety Principles Analysis

Fire Safety Principles Analysis The aim of this report is to survey existing means of fire escape in a number of local houses of multiple occupations with a view to give recommendations for the preparations of a guide for fire escape in houses of multiple occupations. For that purpose, a comprehensive literature review of fire safety principles as well as fire escape issues is required. A set of survey criteria has to be drawn from the literature review to be able to evaluate the existing houses. If necessary, officers from the East Sussex Fire Services will be interviewed to prepare the criteria for evaluation. The survey will be made once the criteria are developed. Each house will be visited and observed in regard to the criteria developed. An analysis of the observations will be made and conclusions drawn. Finally, recommendations will be made for the preparation of the guide. The recommendations will be based on the survey and the conclusions of the analysis. The actual preparation of the guide is beyond the scope of this project. 3.1 Fire and Combustion 3.1.1 Theory of Fire Fire can be described as â€Å"a process of combustion characterised by the emission of heat accompanied by smoke and flame† (Malhotra, 2001). Combustion is a series of very rapid chemical reactions between a fuel and oxygen (usually from the air), releasing heat and light. (Stollard, 1991). For combustion to occur heat and a fuel source must all be present and the removal of one of these will terminate the reaction. Flames are the visible manifestation of this reaction between a gaseous fuel and oxygen. If the fuel is a solid or liquid, there is first a gasification process as it is heated. So, heating a solid does not necessarily lead to combustion. Combustion will only occur when the gas is ignited. The temperature to which a fuel has to be heated for the gases given off to flash when an ignition source is applied is known as the fuel’s flash point. Once the ignition has begun and the vapours are ignited, these flames will in turn further heat and increase the rate o f production of flammable vapours. For the flames to exist at the surface of the fuel, the combustion process must be self-sustaining and capable of supplying the necessary energy to maintain the flow of flammable vapours from the fuel. 3.1.2 Fire Development Once a fire is started, there are 3 ways the heat is transferred: Conduction – Conduction is the mode of heat transfer where the heat flows from one point (at higher temperature) to another (at lower temperature) by direct material contact. There is no flow of the material itself. This is the predominant more of heat transfer in solids. Convection – In the convection mode of heat transfer, the particles of the material flow, carrying the heat with them. This is the predominant mode of heat transfer in liquids and gases. Radiation – Radiation is a mode where there is no need of a material at all. The heat gets transferred from a hot surface by radiating in all directions. The way a fire develops in the open is much different from the way it evolves in a closed space such as a room in a building. The existence of walls and a ceiling changes the way the heat transfer modes affect the growth of the fire. The development of a fire in a room has several stages. Figure 1: Standard fire growth curve The growth period starts at ignition and lasts until all the contents of the room are alight. Initially, the flame remains near the surface of the fuel, with excess oxygen supply from the air of the room. The flame provides more heat and the rate of growth, controlled by the amount of surface of fuel available, increases. At one point, the flames reach the ceiling and spreads. The surface area being heated is suddenly increased considerably. Also, the ceiling then radiates the heat back towards the other contents of the room. The remaining of the room catches fire very quickly because of this sudden rise in temperature and the stage is called flash over. Flash over is short-lived and marks the start of the stable stage, where all the contents are burning. In this stage, the rate of burning depends on the amount of fuel left and the flow of air to the room. Eventually, all contents will burn out and there will be no more fuel to feed the fire. The fire will slow down and that is called the decay stage. 3.2 Principles of Fire Safety 3.2.1 Fire Hazard and Risk to Life Statistics and surveys (Marchant, 1973) on fire have shown that most fires occur between 10 am and 11pm. This is the time when people are awake and active. Also, the greatest number of fires occurs in dwellings. There is a lot more fire in winter months than in summer months, clearly showing a link between fire and energy use. More than one third of all fires can be attributed to human error. Rubbish burning, children with matches and electrical appliances are the biggest culprit among the causes of fire. Due to the hazardous nature of fire: involving flames, heat, smoke and toxic gases, 1000 people lose their lives in fire each year. Unsurprisingly, (Malhotra, 2001) 85% of those deaths are in occupied buildings. The heat generated in a fire is hazardous to the building structure and can lead to the collapse of the building. This presents a serious threat to the safety of fire fighters. But the main cause of death is neither the heat nor the flames. The burnt bodies found give the impression that the occupants were burnt to death. However, studies have shown that heat and flames account for only a small minority of deaths. Most of the deaths are related to smoke and toxic gases. More than half the deaths in fires are attributed to carbon monoxide poisoning. Smoke also significantly decrease visibility and people often cannot reach safety only because of lack of visibility. 3.2.2 Approach to Fire Safety The prime objective of fire safety is â€Å"to reduce to within acceptable limits the potential for injury or death to the occupants of the building and for others who may become involved† (Stollard, 1991). In order to achieve these objectives, there are 5 fire safety tactics that can be employed. Prevention Communications Escape Containment Extinguishment They can be used together for best efficiency. The traditional approach to fire safety in buildings has been to prescribe certain acceptable levels related to some components of fire safety. These components are (Stollard, 1991): Travel distances and routes Load bearing elements of the structure Roof construction Separating walls Compartment walls and compartment floors Protected shafts Concealed spaces and fire stopping Internal surfaces Stairways. There is a newer approach that consists of looking at the building as a complex system. Fire engineering goes beyond merely satisfying prescriptive criteria of the building regulations. The building is a complex system where fire safety interacts with all other systems and services. 3.3 Prevention As explained in section 3.1, fire can only occur if all of the three requirements are present. These requirements are fuel source, oxygen and ignition. The absence of any one is sufficient to avoid a fire. However, it is impossible to exclude oxygen from a building as it is present in the air in more than sufficient proportions. Fire prevention is therefore all about avoiding the occurrence of the fire in the first instance by controlling fuel sources and ignition. 3.3.1 Fuel Limitation Fire can be prevented or the risk of fire can be reduced by limiting the amount of fuel available. Reducing the quantity of potential fuel has two main advantages. Firstly, there is less fuel to burn (fire load) and therefore fires will grow at a slower rate and temperatures will be lower. Secondly, less fuel also means less smoke (smoke load) Fuel limitation can be achieved by controlling the building fabric. B building fabric is meant the structural components and finishes of the building. It is very important that the structural components of a building are not potential fuel sources in case of fire. The structural integrity and stability of the building depends on it. Also, structural elements are essential for containing a fire. Interior finishes on walls and ceiling are also crucial to fire prevention. The outer surface of the finishes is as important as the substrate behind it. The King’s Cross fire in 1987 demonstrated that adding successive coats of paint on older ones can present a danger. Fuel limitation can also be achieved by controlling the contents of the building. The type and amount of textile and furniture play a determinant role in fire behaviour. However, the contents of a building are likely to change over time. 3.3.2 Ignition Prevention To prevent ignition, the four main classes of ignition have to be understood. Natural Phenomena – The most common source of natural ignition is lightning. Lightning can be very destructive. In 1984, lightning struck the York Minster and the resulting fire was very destructive. Another source of fire is earthquake. Because of the very low probability, such occurrences can be neglected for the common dwellings. Human Error – Human carelessness is the main cause of fire in dwellings. Cooking appliances and smoking material account for almost all fire-related accidents and deaths in dwellings. Some of the accidents can be avoided by simple house keeping and general vigilance. Kids playing with matches have also contributed significantly to the number of fires in houses. Technological Failure – Electrical and cooking appliances are a major source of ignition, especially in non-residential buildings. Buildings services are not perfect and are likely to fail at point or another. In small domestic dwellings, the improper installation of services can lead failure leading to fire. Instead of counting this as a technological failure, this should be classed as human error. Deliberate Fire – Arson can be for many reasons: insurance claim, concealing a crime, vandalism, terrorism, or to deliberately hurt somebody. 3.4 Communications Once a fire is started, the response time has a great impact of the effectiveness of that response. As seen in Figure 1, fire growth is exponential. So, the sooner action is taken, the better. The response to a fire depends to a large extent to communications at that time. The location of the fire and the deployment of evacuation and fire fighting all depend on effective communication. There are four facets of communications that are important to fire safety. 3.4.1 Detection How fast a fire is detected has a crucial impact on the response and the effectiveness of that response. As fire grows exponentially, an early detection gives a better chance to fight the fire and limit damage. The best method of detection remains the occupants of the building. Humans can detect and locate a fire by sight, sound and smell. There is no better detection system than human presence. Places where there is more movement are less liable to have an undetected fire because of constant human presence. It is very important therefore that fire escape routes are not kept exclusively for that purpose. That would lead to a fire in that zone being undetected. Also, an unused portion of a building can very quickly become ‘temporary’ storage spaces which always contain boxes and crates full of rubbish. Other detection mechanisms include smoke detector that is fitted to most houses in UK. There are also heat detectors, flame (light) detectors and thermal turbulence detectors. 3.4.2 Analysis Once a fire is detected, it has to be interpreted and analysed before coming to a conclusion. Here again, nothing beats the human brain. Detection and analysis sort of overlap each other when it is by the occupants. Otherwise, conventional systems consist of relaying the detection information to a panel where the data will be analysed and an alarm raised if need be. With use of micro processors, analysis has become better and addressable systems have become common. 3.4.3 Alarm If the conclusion of the analysis is that there is a fire, an alarm has to be set off. This alarm can be in the form of a simple bell that marks the need to evacuate the building. This is the most common system used. Other systems are connected to the fire services and the latter are then notified of a fire automatically. 3.4.4 Signs Signs are very important to occupants as well as fire fighters when they give clear and concise information. However, in a dwelling type building where the occupants are familiar with the exit routes and the surroundings, they are unnecessary. 3.5 Escape Perhaps the most important part of fire safety, escape from a building once a fire breaks is the only measure that ensures the safety of the occupants. The occupants must be able to safety reach a place of safety without being hindered by smoke, fire or heat. It is therefore essential that they manage to escape before the fire spreads. There are three main means of escape: Egress – Egress simply means getting out of the building as soon as the alarm is heard. Refuge – Sometimes in large buildings, the time to get out is too much or the way out is too complicated. Then, a fire-safe compartment is used to provide a safe place within the building. Evacuation can take place at a slower rate from that compartment. Rescue – Rescue should be kept as a last resort but is still important, especially for old and disabled person. In an apartment with only one entrance, a fire at or near the entrance can prevent escape even if the rest of the apartment is not on fire. Rescue via ladders from outside is then crucial. The effectiveness of escape depends on several factors. Occupancy – the occupants and their behaviour is very important to how successful an escape can be. Buildings such as houses where people sleep are naturally more risky than industrial buildings and offices where people are only present during the day. The amount and density of occupation as well as the mobility of the occupants are also important factors to consider. One of the most important factors is familiarity to the place. A house owner is more likely to escape than a guest because he is more familiar with the place. Travel Distances – The total distance to be travelled to finally reach a safe place depends on a lot of factors. The layout of the room itself may change the distance to be travelled. The number of storeys and the building layout generally controls the travel distance. Escape Lighting – Escape during the night or when there is an electric fault are made possible by emergency escape lighting. This can make the difference between success and failure of an escape. The precious minutes during which the occupants find their way are crucial because fire can spread very fast. Rescue – As said previously, rescue should be relied on as a last resort. However, is rescue is to be used; it must be possible for the rescuers to get access to the building from outside. 3.6 Containment Containment is the ability of a building to contain a fire even in the event of every other tactic failing. It should be a built-in capability of the building. A fire should be contained to its compartment of origin to prevent it from spreading to other parts of the building. Containment is also responsible to preventing spread of smoke. Containment must ultimately limit the fire spread to the building only to prevent fire spread to neighbouring buildings. The first step on containment is to design the structural elements to resist the fire. The amount of protection to be given to structural elements depends on the escape time required. Also, if fire fighters are to work inside the building, the structure must maintain its stability and integrity throughout the operations. The collapse of the World Trade Centre has shown how fire fighters can be at risk when entering a building on fire. If the structural elements are not capable of ensuring structural integrity on their own, it will be important to apply fire protection. Steel structures are usually protected with plaster boards, cement sprays of intumescent paints. Wooden structures need protection as well. Compartmentation in a building can be compared to that on a ship. It involves physically incorporating fire and smoke tight barriers between different zones of the building. This gains time and limits the fire to one particular zone. Compartments can be rooms or storeys. The number of compartments into which to divide a given space is a function of the occupation and contents of that space. The higher the fire load, the smaller the compartments should be. Also, there must be a separate escape route from each individual compartment. The exterior envelope of a building is used as the final barrier for the fire. It protects the building from external fires and fires to adjoining buildings. It also prevents the spreading of internal fires to spread to adjoining properties. Fire can spread by debris falling on the roof, flames spreading through openings and radiation through glazed areas. The fire containment methods described up to now are passive methods. They are built-in characteristics of the building design. Active measures are those that operate only in the event of a fire. Pressurisation allow escape route to be clear of smoke even when the fire doors are opened to get access to the escape route. Venting is used to provide the smoke an easier way out of the building than by spreading to the rest of the building. 3.7 Extinguishment Even after escape and containment are successful, a fire still needs to be extinguishment to limit the amount of property loss and to prevent spread to adjoining properties. It can be achieved by removing one of the three essential ingredients of fire: fuel, oxygen and ignition. When a fire is already started, it is self igniting and does not need additional ignition. Therefore, extinguishment can be achieved by cutting off the oxygen supply. Alternatively, the temperature can be brought down below that of self-ignition and thus killing the fire. There are several material used in fire extinguishment: Water – Water is the most commonly used material for fire fighting. It has the capacity of achieving both tactics of fire extinguishment discussed. It will drop the temperature down and will also cut off oxygen supply. However, the main problem with water is that it is a relatively good conductor of electricity. It cannot therefore be used on electrical appliances. Foam – Foam is particularly good at extinguishing fires from liquids. They act mainly by smothering the fuel from the oxygen. They can also be high-expansion types which will fill the area and are generally used by fire fighters. Carbon Dioxide – Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers provide both a cooling and smothering agent. Carbon dioxide is heavier than oxygen and will displace oxygen on and around the fuel. It is light and a large amount can be contained under high pressure in relatively light extinguishers. They can be used on electric fires but they are restricted to localised fire spots as concentrated carbon dioxide can be lethal. Dry Powder – Dry powder act by quenching the chemical reaction of the fire. There are a number of possible substances available, some more appropriate than others on a given type of fire. In section 3.5, fire escape has been introduced as one of the tactics of fire safety in buildings. In the context of the current research topic, the factors influencing escape in a fire are brought under the magnifying glass. Other key topics related to escape during a fire are discussed. 4.1 Occupancy The nature and number of occupants as well as their likely behaviour pattern is a crucial factor in determining the speed and success of an escape from a fire. Five key characteristics of occupants that are most influential are: Sleeping risk Numbers Mobility Familiarity Response to fire alarm 4.1.1 Sleeping Risk Buildings where people sleep are more at risk of a fire than buildings with only day-time occupation. A building where people sleep is likely to be occupied for longer hours, combining day and night occupancy. Also, a fire start while people are sleeping is likely to be detected at a much advanced stage. Once detected, the response of people who are asleep is bound to be much slower than in day time. To understand the extent of the risk, consider the same people in the same building but in day time. A cigarette butt or red ashes fall on the bed sheet and the latter immediately gets a hole in it, which slowly grows wider and wider as the red edge of the hole eats at the bed sheet. In day time with people fully awake, such a minor incident will be dealt with promptly. The ashes will be rapidly removed and the growth stopped by water and even by hand. At night, the same incident may have a completely different turn out of events. The unchecked growth would soon lead to the bed sheet catching fire and setting fire to the mattress. The surrounding furniture, curtains and carpet will soon be alight and that room will have a fully developed fire that can potentially spread over the whole buildings very fast if undetected. Consider another scenario. A house wife has been cooking for breakfast before going to bed. She switches off the electric hob, turns off the lights of the kitchen, and goes upstairs to sleep. A kitchen towel has been left in contact with the hob by mistake. It does not catch fire immediately because there is no naked flame. It heats up, and eventually catches fire after a few minutes even though the hob is off. This fire can grow, away from the eyes of the sleeping occupants, in the kitchen and spread to the rest of the house. Had it been during the day, somebody will eventually walk into the kitchen and detect the towel starting the smoke and will simply put it in the sink and open the tap. Such is the difference between normal day time and at night, where people are asleep. 4.1.2 Numbers The number of people in a building and their likely position within the building are important factors in designing an escape route. To a large extent, these factors depend on the purpose of the building. For houses of multiple occupations, the main purpose is obviously residential, but there can be more people at a given time than the actual number of residents. The maximum number of people that can be present can be estimated by the use of an ‘occupancy loaf factor’. The area of the building divided by the occupancy load factor gives and idea of the maximum number of people that can be present. A general guide is given in the form of Table 1. Table 1: Building type and occupancy levels (Stollard, 1991) Building Type Occupancy 1 Houses Five times bed spaces 2 Flats an maisonnettes Five times bed spaces 3 Residential institutions (hospitals, prisons etc.) Three times bed spaces 4 Hotels and boarding houses Two times bed spaces 5 Offices, commercial and schools Occupancy load factor = 6 6 Shops Occupancy load factor = 2 7 Assembly and recreation (a) bars Occupancy load factor = 0.5 (b) dance halls, queuing areas Occupancy load factor = 0.7 (c) meeting rooms, restaurants Occupancy load factor = 1 8 Industrial Occupancy load factor = 5 9 Storage Occupancy load factor = 15 10 Car-parks Two times parking places For example, consider a small family house with two bed rooms. One bed is double and another is single. Building type=House Occupancy rate=Five times bed spaces Number of bed spaces=2 + 1=3 Maximum number of people=5 x 3=15 This is only a guide but is quite useful. It may seem at first sight that with only 3 bed spaces, the occupancy should have been 3 instead of 15. However, the maximum number of people can occur during a party or while receiving guests. Another factor to consider is the likely hood of concentration of people in a particular area. A concentrated number of people behave differently from individuals. They move at a much slower rate and therefore travel distances to escape routes should be kept shorter. The escape routes should also be wider than would normally be required to allow evacuation of a larger number of people at the same time. 4.1.3 Mobility Different people move at different rates, depending on their age, fitness, state of mind, disability, any special requirements and several more factors. It has been found from experiments that a normal healthy person can move between 60 and 80 metres a minute. At the other extreme of the spectrum, very old and disabled persons may need assistance to move at all. A patient in intensive care in a hospital may have to be moved along with an array of bulky equipment to sustain his life. There are no hard rules about figures to use and a reasonable estimate has to be made from the information about the occupancy of the building. The design of the escape route also has a big incidence on mobility. The layout of the escape route may include obstructions such as furniture. Changes in direction and use of stairs etc would normally reduce mobility. A qualitative assessment is the best that can be done. 4.1.4 Familiarity If people are not familiar with a building, they will find more difficulty finding and reaching the escape route. In buildings such as normal houses, the occupants are likely to be residents and will normally be well familiar with the place. In an office with a regular staff, there is not likely to be problems related with familiarity. However, in buildings such as hotels, bed and breakfast etc, familiarity can be a problem. People will instinctively try to get out the same way they came in, and that may not b a protected fire escape route. 4.1.5 Response The response to a fire or the sounding of a fire alarm is a very important factor to consider. In an office with a regular staff, there will be more discipline and the staff will be trained by means of evacuation drills. In a flat or other residential house, the response is most likely to be decided on the spot in the real fire. The response will also depend on the state of mind and attitude of the occupants. People who are asleep or drunk will be slow to react and may not react in a strictly rational way. Very often, people do not immediately head for the evacuation route. Instead, they try to contact others in the building to confirm that there is fire and how serious it is. 4.2 Travel Distances The maximum travel distance in the escape process is crucial for a successful escape. To quantify a travel distance, the steps involved in the escape process have to be considered one at a time. 4.2.1 Stage 1 – Escape from room of origin Stage one of the escape process is getting out of the room of origin. The speed (and hence time) at which the room has to be evacuated depends of the rate of fire spread. However, the rate of fire spread is hard to quantify. It is therefore best to ensure early detection of the fire in the room. The room has to be evacuated as soon as possible. For small rooms with low occupancy, one exit is sufficient. For larger rooms or rooms with high number of people, two or more exits may have to be provided. In some instances, there may be a smaller room inside a larger one. The escape from both the smaller room and the larger one has to be considered as stage 1. It is also crucial to make sure that the occupants of the inner room are aware of any fire incident in the larger room. 4.2.2 Stage 2 – Escape from compartment Stage 2 involves the escape from the compartment where the fire started. This is usually via escape routes to the final exit, to a protected stairway or protected escape route, or an adjoining compartment that can be used as refuge. Compartments are usually designed for one hour protection and sub-compartments are designed for 30 minutes protection. This should give the occupants time to escape before being overwhelmed by the fire spread across compartments. The combined travel distances of stages 1 and 2 have to be maintained within a certain limit to allow the occupants to evacuate within that time. Table 2 below gives a list of types of buildings and suggested travel distances. This is based on the

Business Culture: China vs. the United States Essay -- International T

Business Culture: China vs. the United States   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cultures are varying among different parts of the globe. People with different cultures have different characteristics and viewpoints on the subjects due to diverse understanding and method of learning. During the past few decades, the international trade grows in a very rapid rate due to the advantages that it provides; â€Å"increased sales, operational efficiencies, exposure to new technologies and broader consumer choices† (Heslin). Therefore, when considering the culture aspect to current business world, it is crucial for business to understand the culture aspect because of the tremendous growth of international business as well as utilize the international market to its maximum utility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today’s world’s leading markets are the United States of America and People Republic of China. The United States market growth is not a â€Å"jump† growth, instead it grows in steady manner. On the other hand, China’s market is not a very significance market until several decades ago where all suddenly, the market leaps from an insignificance market to highly imperative market and it seems unstoppable. Although both of the markets and its potential for growth is considerably dominant but the ways of managing its business are very distinct; both societal and institutional differences and values differences.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  American workers are more individualize. American workers focus on their individuals and lives in the world of dist...

German-American relations after the last Gulf War 2003 :: essays research papers

German-American relations after the last Gulf War 2003 There is hope for a future rapprochement between Germany and the USA. The relationships to the USA, since 1949 a leading part of the German foreign politics, deteriorated enormously and in March/April 2003 they hit an all-time low since the end of the Second World War. The administration of George W. Bush considered a military attack on the regime of the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein as an important component for the struggle against the terrorism. The German Federal Government considered the war as an unjustified diversion of the conflict with the terror organization Al-Qaida. The intensity and duration of the German-American annoyance in the course of the conflict in Iraq was surprising against the background of a close political cooperation between the two nations over 40 years. Germany made good experiences with the transatlantic relationship in the past. We share the same basic values and we have a similar understanding of representative democracy, human rights, constitutional state and market economy. In the time of the Cold War from 1949-1989 West Germany and the USA could be regarded as ideal cooperation partners because they followed the same aims with complementary capabilities. The interests of Bonn and Washington were the military protection of Western Europe against soviet attacks as well as the encouragement of democracy and market economy in Europe. The USA played a very important role for the German unification in 1989. The process of unification was not only a result of American support but encouraged the German-American relationship. However, with the end of the Cold War, Germany lost its important role it played for the US-foreign policies. In the 90Â ´s during the Balkan wars the power of the USA and the powerlessness of Europe became clearly expressed. All attempts of the European states to form a united policy on their own continent failed. They could not define a united policy. The USA were frustrated because they did not see in Europe a reliable partner for a security policy. The transatlantic annoyance over the war in Iraq was more than a difference of opinion over the best strategy in the struggle against international terrorism. The USA, a country with global security interests, view the thread of international acting terrorism organizations, which might possess weapons of wholesale destruction, with greater concern than European governments, including Germany. Instead of using military means, which they possess only in a limited way, the European governments strive for a legal attempt at conciliation by means of international organizations like the ONU and the international Criminal Court, ICC.

National Westminster Bank Essay

Q1. Analyse the customer contact process during the account opening procedure. What aspects of the branch’s operation impact on each stage? From analysing the branch’s operation it is clear to see which parts of the banks operation impacts each stage of the account opening procedure. Firstly the customer arrives into the bank, usually customers go to the cashiers section, they are then referred over to the enquiries counter, where they are greeted by enquiry personnel who find out which of the banks service the customer requires. If the customer wishes to open a new account, a member of the records staff comes to administer the account opening procedure. It is the records staff who deals mostly with new customers. The records staff must to have a good basic knowledge of all the banks operations to be able to advise the new customer which account is best suited for them. They must find out if the customer wishes to invest money or if they wish to avail of the banks credit facilities. The records staff would not have an in depth knowledge of the investments available to new customers so more often than not a member of the investment section is called over to advise the new customer. Read more:  Banker’s Draft Natwest For credit facilities, the new customer is referred to the lending section for processing, as this operation is outside the record section staff jurisdiction. Once they account type has been established, the â€Å"formalities† begin (processing of customer details). Records staff go through forms to ensure that all key information has been gathered. This is probably the longest part of the account opening procedure with the customer as a lot of details need to be processed. Once all the details have been gathered by the records staff, the direct customer contact finishes. Customer details are then passed onto the administrative section and the machine room to finalise the opening of a new account and the paper printing (cheque books, log books, ATM cards etc.) How the different operations interact upon the Records section: Q2. How would you improve the process? Once the bank identified their problems the set out an improvement plan. They key areas identified for improvement were identified: > Signage > Inexperienced Staff > Limited staff for rush hours > Uneven flow of walk-in customers at peak times From a recent survey customers identified the following problems: > Account opening forms were not properly explained > Bank’s standard account pack was not sent out to customers > Some customers waited more than the standard 9 days to receive cheque book and bank card > Customer personal details were recorded incorrectly > Staff seemed uninterested in the customers needs > Customers wouldn’t recommend the bank to others All of the above points were taken into account in the banks improvement plan. Firstly the signage issue was tackled. This issue was clearly a problem when we visited the bank, see fig.1 It was evident from this, that the enquiries desk wasn’t clearly noticeable or signposted. To eliminate the problem of new customers queuing at the cashier’s desk (adding to queue delays in the bank) new signage was positioned around the bank clearly highlighting where the new customers were to go. While it was unfeasible to move staff permanently from section to section, records staff who are generally young and junior members of staff could be temporarily move around each of the banks operations. This would add to their training knowledge and enable them to give more specialised advice to customers. By doing this staff will get to know each others jobs, they will become more confident in their work, giving the sense of importance to the banks operation. This increases staff motivation which reduces boredom as boredom leads to mistakes. To assess the overall performance of staff’s training and progress, the bank could introduce ‘mystery shoppers’, a member of staff from another of the banks branches comes to open an account, goes through the whole procedure and at the end evaluates the staffs performance, identifies areas for improvement etc. As it was, the cashiers would go for their lunch, and it was the job of the records section to cover the cashier positions during lunch. This however was the busiest period for new customers wishing to open accounts. During the lunchtime rush customers could feel they were been rushed, inevitably resulting in mistakes occurring. To deal with this issue, lunch time for the bank staff could be divided up more evenly. Only a set amount of cashiers go for lunch at any one time, these cashiers do not take their lunch until the first group comes back, this way there is always somebody covering the records section to deal with new potential customers if they arrive during the lunch time period. To ensure the records section were not over burdened by new customers during the lunch time period, a system of ‘appointment only’ during the lunch time rush was set up. This way the records section could easily deal with walk-in customers in the mornings and afternoons, and during lunch time they knew how many customers to expect and spend the required time needed with each customer opening an account. This way the customer feels more at ease and the records section staff do not feel under pressure and rushed, reducing the amount of mistakes made. Customers felt that the account opening forms were not properly explained to them. This issue was tackled by more staff training and the ‘mystery shopper’ also helped by giving feedback. This helps the junior staff in training to interpret the forms better and be much more capable of explaining the forms to customers. In terms of the bank’s standard account pack not been sent out to customers, the bank set up a system of having all the leaflets on hand so the member of staff dealing with the new customer could make up a package there and then to suit the customers needs. It was identified that some customers waited more than the standard 9 days to receive their cheque books or ATM cards. This waiting period was improved by a more clear line of communication set up between the records staff, administration staff and the machine room. This was also helped as now there were fewer mistakes and the records staff had more time to process the forms during the day as the ‘by appointment only’ and not having to cover the cashier positions fully during lunch had clearly freed up some extra time for them. To deal with the problem of customers personal details not been recorded properly, the customer was asked to fill in a form which clearly legible showing how to spell their name address etc. Once all the forms had been filled out, it was advised that the supervisor provided an extra check on the forms before they were sent for processing. To assist with the implementation of this system a sort of a Kanban system could be set up, â€Å"In-Kanban†, â€Å"Out-Kanban† this way everything was fully completed before it was sent for processing, and there would be no mix ups, on what was processed and what has to be processed. Also as part of this kanban system to finalise the last step, approval by the manager must be signed on the form. The problem of the customers feeling rushed was solved when the records section were released from other duties such as fully covering the cashiers during lunch. If all of the above points are implemented successfully, the bank will be back on track to a successful and complimentary word of mouth.

What Can Businesses Learn from Text Mining

Case StudyWhat Can Businesses Learn From Text Mining? Text mining is the discovery of patterns and relationships from large sets of unstructured data – the kind of data we generate in e-mails, phone conversations, blog postings, online customer surveys, and tweets. The mobile digital platform has amplified the explosion in digital information, with hundreds of millions of people calling, texting, searching, â€Å"apping† (using applications), buying goods and writing billions of e-mails on the go.Consumers today are more than just consumers: they have more ways to collaborate, share information, and influence the opinions of their friends and peers; and the data that they create in doing so have significant value to businesses. Unlike structured data, which are generated from events such as completing a purchase transaction, unstructured data have no distinct form. Nevertheless, managers believe such data may offer unique insights into customer behaviour and attitudes t hat were much more difficult to determine years ago.For example, in 2007 JetBlue (the American Airline) experienced unprecedented levels of customer discontent in the wake of a February ice storm that resulted in widespread flight cancellations and planes stranded on Kennedy Airport runways. The airline received 15,000 emails per day from customers during the storm and immediately afterwards, up from its usual daily volume of 400. The volume was so much larger than usual that JetBlue had no simple way to read everything that its customers were saying.Fortunately, the company had recently contracted with Attensity, a leading vendor of text analytics software, and was able to use the software to analyze all of the e-mail it had received within two days. According to JetBlue research analyst Bryan Jeppsen, Attensity Analyze for Voice of the Customer (VoC) enabled JetBlue to rapidly extract customer sentiments, preferences, and requests it couldn’t find any other way.This tool us es a proprietary technology to automatically identify facts, opinions, requests, trends, and trouble spots from the unstructured text of survey responses, survey notes, e-mail messages, Web forums, blog entries, news articles, and other customer communications. The technology is able to accurately and automatically identify and many different â€Å"voices† customers use to express their feedback (such as a negative voice, positive voice, or conditional voice) which helps organisations pinpoint key events and relationships, such as intent to buy, intent to leave, or customer â€Å"wish† vents. It can reveal specific product and service issues, reactions to marketing and public relations efforts, and even buying signals. Attensity’s software integrated with JetBlue’s other customer analysis tools, such as Satmetrix’s Net Promoter metrics, which classifies customers into groups that are generating positive, negative, or no feedback about the company. Using Attensity’s text analytics in tandem with these tools, JetBlue developed a customer bill of rights that addressed the major issues customers had with the company.Hotel chains like Gaylord Hotels and Choice Hotels are using text mining software to glean insights from thousands of customer satisfaction surveys provided by their guests. Gaylord Hotels is using Clarabridge’s text analytics solution delivered via the Internet as a hosted software service to gather and analyze customer feedback from surveys, e-mail, chat messaging, staffed call centres, and online forums associated with guests’ and meeting planners’ experiences at the company’s convention resorts.The Clarabridge software sorts through the hotel chain’s customer surveys and gathers positive and negative comments, organizing them into a variety of categories to reveal less obvious insights. For example, guests complained about many things more frequently than noisy rooms, but complaints about noisy rooms were most frequently correlated with surveys indicating an unwillingness to return to the hotel for another stay. Analyzing customer surveys used to take weeks, but now takes only days, thanks to the Clarabridge software.Location managers and corporate executives have also used findings from text mining to influence decisions on building improvements. Wendy’s International adopted Clarabridge software to analyze nearly 500,000 messages it collects each year from its Web-based feedback forum, call centre notes, e-mail messages, receipt-based surveys, and social media. The chain’s customer satisfaction team had previously used spreadsheets and keyword searches to review customer comments; a very slow manual approach.Wendy’s management was looking for a better tool to speed analysis, detect emerging issues, and pinpoint troubled areas of the business at the store, regional or corporate level. The Clarabridge technology enables Wendyâ₠¬â„¢s to track customer experiences down to the store level within minutes. This timely information helps store, regional and corporate managers spot and address problems related to meal quality, cleanliness, and speed of service. Text analytics software caught on first ith government agencies and larger companies with information systems departments that had the means to properly use the complicated software, but Clarabridge is now offering a version of its product geared toward small businesses. The technology has already caught on with law enforcement, search tool interfaces, and â€Å"listening platforms† like Nielsen Online. Listening platforms are text mining tools that focus on brand management, allowing companies to determine how consumers feel about their brand and take steps to respond to negative sentiment.Structured data analysis won’t be rendered obsolete by text analytics, but companies that are able to use both methods to develop a clearer picture of the ir customer’s attitudes will have an easier time establishing and building their brand and gleaning insights that will enhance profitability. ENDCase Study Questions: 1. What challenges does the increase in unstructured data present for businesses? 2. How does text mining improve decision-making? 3. What kinds of companies are most likely to benefit from text mining software?Explain your answer. 4. In what ways could text mining potentially lead to the erosion of personal information privacy? Explain. 5. Visit a website such as TripAdvisor. com (or high street retailer ) detailing products or services that have customer reviews. Pick a product, hotel, or other service with at least several customer reviews and read those reviews, both positive and negative. How could Web content mining help the offering company improve or better market this product or service?What pieces of information should be highlighted| What can businesses learn from text mining? 1. What challenges does the increase in unstructured data present for businesses? The increase in unstructured data, such as that generated from e-mails, phone conversations, blog postings, online customer surveys and tweets, presents challenges for businesses as it has no distinct form, unlike structured data, which is generated from events such as completing a purchase transaction.The challenge of having unstructured data means that it can be difficult to interpret a large quantity of data in a short time as there are so many differing pieces of data rather than just a few structured pieces. The need to use tools such as text mining to interpret unstructured data adds extra challenges specifically those related to finance. The cost of implementing such tools can be great; not only does the technology need purchasing; the rate at which technology evolves means there will be costs in the upkeep with regards to updating new software.Other costs will include staff training; this will have an initial outlay a s well as a continuous financial impact as new technologies will require new training. 2. How does text-mining improve decision making? Using text mining improves decision making as it can analyse a vast quantity of data, condense the results into specific categories and reveal information that would have been less obvious otherwise. It can show correlations between many different factors more easily than without the text mining analysis.Using these less obvious insights gleaned from the information it is possible for a business to make better informed decisions that may never have been thought of if it was not used. Using text mining tools allows companies to build predictive models to gain insight into both their structured and unstructured data. Using these tools it is possible to recognise patterns and common themes amongst unstructured data, particularly those gained from things such as focus groups and blogs. Identifying these themes allows better decisions as it can show corr elations between data that otherwise would not have been visible.An example of this practice is the use of listening platforms such as Nielson Online which can determine the feelings of consumers and allow a company to better make decisions based upon their customers’ wants and needs. 3. What kinds of companies are most likely to benefit from text mining software? Large companies that have information system departments will benefit mostly from text mining software as it will enable them to speed up processes that they are already concentrating on. The text mining software will allow these companies to analyse large amounts of data that would normally take weeks to work through in just days.Other companies will benefit from smaller packages of the text mining software, particularly those that incorporate ‘listening platforms’. This will allow companies to more easily gauge how they are perceived by their consumers in terms of brand satisfaction and highlight any improvements that need to be rendered. Financial and communications provider companies can benefit from using text mining software by using it to identify their customers’ needs from their customer feedback to interpret better ways in which to retain their most profitable clients.Marketing companies can benefit from using text mining software to implement predictive modelling to improve marketing and promotions to their target audience and retailers can benefit from text mining software to quickly identify any major issues that occur on store level to better help managers improve their stores. 4. In what ways could text mining potentially lead to the erosion of personal information privacy? Text mining could potentially lead to the erosion of personal information privacy as it gives such an increased insight into the movements and habits of the public.Although text mining can help make improvements in the services being offered, it also gains a large amount of information abo ut an individual. This insight into one’s personal information further adds to the ever growing ‘big brother society’ or ‘surveillance society’. With the introduction of things such as increased CCTV monitoring the streets and larger quantities of data constantly being stored by companies there is much speculation that personal privacy is quickly being eradicated. Text mining tools may be another way in which this is apparent.An example of this is text mining tools used on holiday purchases; such a simple task can give an insight into the financial circumstances of an individual from the cost of the holiday to any extras purchased with it, as well as spending habits of that individual and other preferences. One way this information could infringe privacy is if it is then used to market other products specifically to that individual based on their prior purchases. 5. How could Web content mining help the offering company improve or better market this product or service?What pieces of information should be highlighted? Using Tripadvisor. com to read reviews on a hotel in London it has been possible to see the differing opinions of guests staying there. The hotel needs to utilise these reviews in order to better promote their services and to eradicate any problems. Using web content mining could be the most efficient way to do this. The hotel has 736 reviews of which 630 are positive and 106 are negative. It would be inefficient to manually read hrough this amount of text and cross reference specific points that need addressing. Using web mining tools the hotel could easily find which points they can use to market their services, some which appear to be the accessibility to amenities, particularly the tube station, and which points they need to improve on, particularly apparent is the attitude of the staff. Not only will web mining easily flag up these points it will easily show trends in the feelings of the guests, which could be missed if the reviews were to be analysed manually.The hotel would also save time and money by allowing the use of web mining as it eradicates most man power and human error. Bibliography Books Kenneth C. Laudon, Jane P. Laudon (2012). Management Information Systems: Managing The Digital Firm. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Online Sources Daily Mail Online (2010) Big Brother society is bigger than ever: New technology is ‘undermining privacy by stealth’. Available at: http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-1328445/Big-Brother-society-bigger-New-technology-undermining-privacy-stealth. tml#ixzz1s9qMFfIg (Accessed 10/04/2012) JISC (2012) The Value and Benefit of Text Mining to UK Further and Higher Education. Digital Infrastructure. Available at: http://bit. ly/jisc-textm (Accessed 10/04/2012) Nucleus Research (2007) SPSS Text Mining. Available at: http://www. spss. ch/eupload/File/PDF/Guidebook%20–%20SPSS%20Text%20Mining. pdf (Accessed 10/04/2012) World Ac ademy of Science, Engineering and Technology (2005) Powerful Tool to Expand Business Intelligence: Text Mining. Available at: http://www. waset. org/journals/waset/v8/v8-21. pdf (Accessed 10/04/2012)